Bioprocessing requirements to manufacture a specific product Essay

Bioprocessing requirements to manufacture a specific product - Essay Example In lactic acid fermentation, a single molecule of pyruvate is changed into lactate. In the same process, ethanol and carbon dioxide are also resulting products. This kind of fermentation occurs in muscles of animals when the energy requirement exceeds the oxygen supply. This anaerobic process occurs, providing the organism with the energy required, in an anaerobic manner. Before this process can occur, though, a molecule of glucose has to be split into two molecules of pyruvate. This is a process referred to as glycolysis. In homolactic fermentation, two moles of lactic acid are anaerobically formed from a single molecule of glucose. When lactic acid is produced during fermentation, a racemic mixture of its two isomers is obtained. The L(+) and D(-) isomers will exist in equal quantities. When carbohydrate is fermented, glycolic and lactic acids will be found in the product mixture. This is the simplest form of fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation is a redox reaction that occurs in anaerobic conditions (Dworkin, 2006, 539). Lactic acid fermentation as a process finds use in the food industry since it is used in the production of yoghurt. Milk is fermented with bacteria that are harmless, mainly Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Milk is used as the culture in this process. When the pH of the milk is decreased, it congeals. The bacteria are responsible for producing compounds that give the resultant product the distinctive taste of yoghurt. By lowering the pH, the conditions become unfavourable for harmful bacteria, making this process effective. This process also finds use in producing sauerkraut. This process utilizes genus Leuconostoc (Dworkin, 2006, 541). In lactic acid fermentation, the product will be dependent on the strain of microbe used. The strain of microbe that is used for fermentation will influence the stereo-specificity of the product. The

Interracial Marriage in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interracial Marriage in China - Essay Example The paper will then conclude by discussing the significance of race within this period. Branding, which is the word used within this text to describe the ultimate affects of any such a union, originated as the act of using an extremely hot implement to mark the flesh of humans and livestock. The practice of branding, including that of physically marking human beings, began long before recorded history. Although originally intended to mark ownership in cattle, it was also used as a form of punishment, and employed to distinguish criminals, slaves, and prisoners of war. In Western civilization, branding was banned as a form of punishment in the late 1800s.2 Historically, having a brand was a symbol or mark of identification and ownership - it labeled the person, significating what they were, rather than who they were; criminal, slave, and so forth, and the fact of being branded considered a sign of public shame and personal humiliation. Of course, this marking, including its accompanying reputation, remained with a person for the rest of their life. The use of this word in the above statement, therefore, gives a very clear indication of the attitudes among the general population of the early 20th century towards the idea of interracial marriages. Not only were these types of relationships negatively viewed, but they were also considered as being both shameful and humiliating. Consequently, Tom Frew, his Chinese wife, and their unborn children, would have all been branded with this public mark of shame, of derision, and of exclusion in certain quarters. Early Twentieth Century Worldviews "It has been justly remarked that a nation's civilization may be estimated by the rank which females hold in society. If the civilization of China be judged of by this test, she is surely far from occupying that first place which she so strongly claims" (Chinese Repository, vol. 2, 1833, p. 313). Although this quote is earlier than the period that this essay is addressing, existing worldviews during the earlier twentieth century were based on similar principles, and were rooted within this theory. Within the 1920s, Chinese women were generally seen throughout the Western world, as demonstrated through the above quote, as representative objects of an inferior, underdeveloped society. Almost despised, considered second-rate, this very common worldview, meant that Tom Frew and his Chinese family would face severe discrimatory attitudes and practices where ever they chose to live. "Could he live anywhere, with a Chinese wife" the statement demands. Only, it would seem, with the greatest of difficulties. America, in the early twentieth century, was very suspicious of the Chinese, especially in relation to the influx of immigration. Chinatowns had sprung up throughout many of the major cities - the result of the clash of two distinctively different cultures - and although living in the same city, there was little attempt at integration by either the Chinese or American people. Each community kept within its cultural boundaries, holding onto its group identity, and ensuring the continuation of this through imposing restrictive