Ukraine Turmoil Essay

Effects of Weather on Mood

Upgraded College Writing Cause and Effect Essay September 27, 2012 Effects of Weather on your Mood Many of us have mind-sets that are alterable like the tides, and like the tides, for a large number of us those states of mind are directed by numerous things including the climate. While you may feel that you ‘just woke up on an inappropriate side of bed' it might in certainty be that there are different things having an effect on everything here †diet, tiredness, climate and the sky is the limit from there. Actually you could most likely venture to state that the side of bed that you escaped is probably not going to truly have had a lot to do with your disposition at all.Weather is one especially enormous marker of how your mind-set is going to show up for the afternoon. The first and most notable manner by which climate influences mind-set is in what is known as occasional full of feeling issue or SAD. This condition can likewise be known as winter sorrow, winter blues or regular melancholy and fundamentally it depicts a condition wherein the individual finds their mind-set so attached to the changing of the seasons that they in certainty display side effects near gloom each winter.There are different clarifications with respect to why somebody may encounter SAD, however by and large it is accepted to identify with the measure of light. This at that point implies that it isn't in actuality the cold of winter that causes the downturn, but instead the absence of light getting into your mind. Simultaneously temperature can likewise influence state of mind and this is because of vitality use. In the winter our invulnerable frameworks are going to invest more energy so as to keep our bodies warm and our pulse will speed up.All this implies vitality is coordinated toward those undertakings as isn't accessible in as huge amounts for different exercises. Simultaneously this is additionally why you are bound to turn out to be sick your insusceptible framework is as of now under tension from the cold and therefore it turns out to be less ready to fight off the assaults from microscopic organisms and infections. So as to abstain from getting sick at that point and to evade the downturn that can emerge out of it, try to eat heaps of nutrients and minerals that can assist with boosting your safe framework and to get a lot of sleep.At a similar time make a point to utilize bunches of warming so as to warm the house and to keep ailments under control. Rest is likewise influenced by the climate and this thus can cause us bound to feel discouraged. In the event that it is cold for example, at that point you are bound to rest all the more daintily and that gives your body and psyche less quality time wherein to recoup from your day's exercises. Again you are bound to endure ailments and to have low vitality, yet this can likewise bring about cerebral pains and awful moods.Furthermore you will get up in obscurity when your body is instructing you to return to rest thus hormonally you are caught off guard for the afternoon. There are innumerable various manners by which the climate can influence disposition at that point and this remembers direct impacts for state of mind and hormones, just as progressively unobtrusive second request impacts. Ensure that you remain warm and evaporate and that you make for lower vitality in your eating routine.

Important Tips To Write My College Term Paper

Important Tips To Write My College Term PaperYou've got plenty of time and plenty of money to spend, but if you really want to write my college term paper then you must read this first. There are a few simple things you must do before you can start writing your term paper.A mistake many people make is to try and wing it on their papers without really checking what grades they are currently earning in their class. If you really want to get the most out of your college experience then you should spend the first few weeks of term writing your term paper paying close attention to your grades in school.Every term has a lot of interesting aspects to it that you may not be able to see on the list of assignments. Make sure you spend some time researching the options you have for studying, and try to find out what the recommended method of study is for your class.When you get to the end of the year and are considering which courses you want to study for next term, you will find that your work load will be more intense than it was the previous term. It is possible to add extra study time to your load, but make sure you only spend time on the courses you really want to go through. If you don't do this then you will end up wasting time on courses you don't need to be studying.When you get to the end of the term you may find that your paper has been accepted by your university. Congratulations, and you now have your first term paper of the semester written! Now you need to do some more research to help you understand the details of your assignment.Students are often nervous about making any kind of big decision for themselves. Writing a term paper is a major decision, and it is no different. Make sure you understand what is expected of you when you are working on your paper, anddon't rush into things.Good research is a must, and you will find it hard to get all of the information you need on your paper without having done some research on your own. Keep the ideas you have f or topics, and the sources of information for those ideas, together with a number of references you can draw from. The idea behind this is that you can be much more efficient in compiling the facts on your paper.By following these tips you will be sure to write your term paper successfully. The hard part will be the last section, which is how to complete the project.

Perceived Effectiveness Of Influence Tactics Of The United...

Perceived Effectiveness of Influence Tactics in the United States and China is a quantitative research study written by Ping Ping Fu from Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Gary Yukl from State University of New York at Albany. This research study is published in a book named The Leadership Quarterly. INTRODUCTION Ping Ping Fu and Gary Yukl believed that people from different cultures deal with the difficulties of exercising influence differently. According to Smith and Peterson, to understand cultural differences, international relationship, and various influences in cross-cultural cooperation are necessary for managers under 21st century globalization. The authors also believed that the managers who have strong cultural awareness†¦show more content†¦The dependent variables are the tactics effectiveness for a variety of contexts, includes the tactics include a variety of relevant tactics, such as rational persuasion, exchange, coalition, upward appeals, ingratiation, pressure, consultation, inspirational appeals, and personal appeals, because the tactics effectiveness in these contexts is influenced by the manager’s nationality. This research paper does not include any hypotheses; instead the authors explored seven research questions. 1. Are some tactics considered more eff ective by Chinese managers than by American managers? 2. Are some tactics considered less effective by Chinese managers than by American managers? 3. Are the tactics considered most effective by Chinese managers than by American managers? 4. Are there any culturally specific influence tactics used by Chinese managers but not by American managers? 5. How strong is the effect of national culture on perception of influence tactics (in relation other situational and individual determinants/)? 6. How well can the nationality of a manager be predicted from his or her pattern of ratings on tactic effectiveness? 7. How useful are fixed-response scenarios for studying cross-cultural differences? The reason why the authors use the research questions instead of the hypothesis is because research questions helps to explain the purpose of the research. Additionally, this research is a descriptive study, which means, the

We Must Put More Human, Material And Electronic Resources...

Discuss the proposition â€Å"If we could put more human, material and electronic resources into intelligence the more problem of terrorism would disappear. Enhancing Intelligence Management, Developing Community Resilience FAHD PAHDEPIE Terrorism is an evolving and multifaceted phenomenon (Lentini, 2003). Although there is no single definition that is received full approval from academic and governmental circle, most scholars and practitioners believe that the key idea of terrorism is a politically motivated violence against non-combatants that is designed to trigger fear and anxiety among them (Lentini, 2013; Schmid Graaf, 1982). Bakker and Veldhuis (2012) argue that terrorists do not utilize violence to kill or wound their†¦show more content†¦The term of ‘fear management’ in counterterrorism debates is related to the concept of ‘community resilience’ (Bakker Veldhuis, 2012). Borrowing from the concept of ‘resilience’ in ecology, engineering, physics and psychology, where the term is already well developed, the phrase of ‘community resilience’ can be defined as the demonstrated capacity for a given system, such as community, to withstand and respond po sitively to fear and anxiety (Wickes, Zahnow, Mazerolle, 2010). In the counterterrorism context, community resilience can be presumed as a positive factor that limits the negative impact of terrorism on individual and society (Bakker Veldhuis, 2012). In linking with the intelligence as one of the key elements in counterterrorism efforts, there is a big question for the intelligence community regarding what portion that they can contribute in developing the so-called resilient community? While realizing that the need to develop better intelligence management—to put more human, technological, and financial capitals—is immediate necessity (Ackerman, 2001), intelligence community should aware that the major objective of intelligence management is not about apprehending the state of terrorism through data mining and covert actions, rather to develop preparedness, vulnerability, and recovery of the society to face and handle the threats and disorders (Scott Jackson, 2004). Consequently, intelligence should be perceived as an

Malnutrition in Children free essay sample

In 1994 Kevin Carter, a journalist posed a photo in his mail â€Å"Pulitzer prize† wining photo taken in Southern Sudan. The picture depicts of famine stricken child crawling towards a United Nation food camp located a kilometer away, the vulture is waiting for the child to die so that it can eat it. This picture shocked the whole world. No one knows what happened to the child including the photographer Kevin Carter who left the place as soon as the photograph was taken. Three months later he committed suicide due to depression. With this example, poverty is a major world problem. People or families of low income household food it is not enough. Children especially under five year old are the most vulnerable to malnutrition because of their high demand of energy and protein. Malnutrition still remains at alarming rate in the childhood in Mathare slums despite the fact that free food and free medical services are offered and this is the reason why the researcher is much concerned with the need to investigate the causes and impact of this condition in children under five years in this area i. We will write a custom essay sample on Malnutrition in Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Mathare slums. The researcher at the f this study will aim at making a way forward to the policy makers on how services delivery will be improved and how these malnourished children be handled and rehabilitated. 1. 2 Statement of the problem Causes and impact of malnutrition in under five year old children continues to be the major health problem in the world and in the nation (Kenya) particularly in Mathare slums and other similar areas which is majorly composed of low income earners depicting poverty. The government of Kenya (GOK), in concurrence with other non governmental organizations (NGOs) has donated food, taught people on how to achieve a balanced diet regardless of the low income, and improved nutrition education through antenatal clinics to ensure that children are well nourished. Despite tall these efforts, a survey through Mathare slums and its neighborhood reveals a high number of cases of malnutrition. It is therefore, with this in mind that the study seeks to find out the causes of malnutrition so that the health of children can be restored. 1. Purpose of the study and objectives of the study The main purpose of the study is to find out the causes of malnutrition of children under five years old in Mathare slums. 1. 3. 1 Objectives of the study i. To find out the socio- economic status of the parents of malnourished children ii. To find out how knowledgeable the parents are about nutrition status of their children. iii. To investigate the sources of information for t he parents of malnourished children iv. To identify the steps taken by the parents to curb malnutrition in Mathare slums 1. 4 Significance of the study Many health centers do not diagnose or detect the type of malnutrition from moderate malnourish and severe malnourish. This study will there fore investigate the causes and impact and the commonest type of malnutrition affecting under five year old children in Mathare slums. The results from this study will be used to benefit the health workers and the parents of children below five years old in Mathare slums in the following ways: i. Helps the mothers or parents of these children gain positive insight, that is such condition need immediate medical advice to be solved should it occur because of its short and long terms impacts ii. Helps the health workers and the community to actively respond and attend to the rising condition in below five year old children and young affected. iii. To provide a platform for the public to understand that early treatment or management of this condition will minimize the complication. iv. Helps the researcher establish the uniqueness of this condition in the way it presents, how it is managed and how the patients should be rehabilitated in case of severe complications of malnutrition set in. 1. 5 Scope and delimitation There are several causes of malnutrition but the research will only concentrate on the socio economic factors, knowledge of parents on nutrition, the sources of information and the methods employed by the parents to curb malnutrition. The research will also be confined to children below five years old and their parents especially mothers who will be found in Mathare slums health center. The study could have been extended to below 12 years old as they are medically classified as pediatrics (children) but the researcher’s concern will be on children under five years old because they are the most vulnerable groups among the other children. Mathare slums have other smaller communities but not all of it will be covered because the residents of Mathare leave under similar conditions. The findings can then be generalized in the whole area. 1. 6 Limitation of the study The study is likely to experience many challenges. This is due to the nature of life styles in Mathare. The area is densely populated with many cases of criminal activities. This might make it insecure for the researchers. The members will also be suspicious of the researcher who is a stranger in the area so may not volunteer information as required. Since this is an informal settlement area is congested. This makes the movement very difficult. Sanitation is another major issue. Both solid and liquid wastes are not properly managed. Raw sewage is flowing in open drains. There are no proper latrines for proper excreta disposal, making the whole place full of stench and unsightly scenes. The community members might need money for them to give information. This might be a challenge since there is no enough money for the research. The muddy environment where the research will be carried out makes moment difficult. 1. 7 Assumption of the study i. The information from the respondents will be assumed to be accurate and true to the best of their knowledge. ii. It will be assumed that the communities especially the mothers will be willing and allowed their children for the nutritional assessment. iii. It will be assumed that the respondents now know the causes, impact and prevention of malnutrition. iv. It will be assumed that the mothers of children under five years old will be able to detect early malnutrition. v. It will be assumed that health workers will offer maximum support to the under five years old children and their parents. 1. 8 Conceptual framework Figure 1 * Socio economic status of parents * Knowledge of parents on nutrition Causes of malnutrition among children under five years old in Mathare slums * Cultural practices and attitudes attitude towards certain foodstuffs Malnutrition * Sources of information on nutrition * Methods employed to curb malnutrition 1. 9 Definition of terms Malnutrition: this is a state resulting from intake of nutrients. Children/child:an infant from 0-5 years old. Impact:Is the result of particular influence Mortalityis the number of death in a given period. Assessment:is the process of evaluating nutritional status of an individual. Anorexia:it’s a state of having poor appetite. Health:is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being of a person but not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Prevalence:is the number of affected persons present in a population at a specific time. Pre-disposing:is to make susceptibility to an infection. Anthropometryis the measure of body physical dimension. Protein, energy Malnutrition:This is the condition that comprises of malnutrition that occurs due to imbalance between protein and energy. Nutritionis a study of sum process involving taking of food.

Is The World Running Out Of Oil

Introduction Scientists, geologists and other opinions makers have for years been trying to comprehensively answer the question on whether the world is running out of oil. To this day, there is no comprehensive answer to this question. This research paper argues that the world will not run out of oil as predicted by some environmentalists and geologists.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Is The World Running Out Of Oil? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This argument is based on the fact that although the world has had its fare share of prediction that oil will be depleted sooner, the discovery of new oil fields, and the improvement of new technology which allows for more oil exploration and exploitation have proved that the world still has enough oil resources. Research method This research is based on the review of existing literature Literature review The 20th century was awash with predictions that sugg ested that the world was facing an imminent shortage of oil. Most of these predictions have already been proven as false especially as more oil has been produced in the recent years triggered by more discoveries of oil fields. Deming (b) however observes that even though the predictions have been proven wrong so far, there are new predictions that cast a lot of doubts about the longevity of the oil resource. Key among them is the Hubbert model, â€Å"which assumes that like all natural resources, oil is limited and finite† (1). Deming (b) does not agree with this model. He argues that while conventional oil reserves may be finite, there is no precise way of measuring the ultimate amount of the resource making it even harder to measure it against the world’s consumption of the same. He also points out to the fact that the cumulative production of oil in the last 50 years has been outdone by the sizes of crude oil resources. This has led to an increase of oil reserves in the world. Another notable author who disagrees with the Hubert Model is Bradley, who states that the theory is disapproved by the functional theory (1). But what exactly does the Hubert model state? Well, according to Bradley, the model is bell shaped and seeks to represent the trend that oil production will take over the years. In the model, Hubert predicted that the 1970s would experience a peak in oil production.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was a right prediction. He also predicted that the US would experience a peak in gas production in the 1970s, but this has long been proven as an errant prediction. Another of his predictions that oil production would reduce considerable beginning in 2000; this has not been proven yet (Bradley 1). The functional theory was developed by Erich Zimmerman and states that any static interpretation of a natural resource i s futile because resources change with social objectives, react to revised standards of living, alter depending with the expertise or knowledge of the people handling them and change as new technology or arts are discovered. In this theory, Zimmerman suggested that man created resources through his knowledge and hence as his knowledge level increase, so would be the resources (Bradley (a) 6). This theory is supported by Deming (a), who argues that the reason why the world has not yet run out of oil despite the many predictions suggesting otherwise could lie in the new technological development. He also states that high oil prices always signal an impeding shortage of supply thus sending oil explorers back to the fields (1). Among the notable oil scares made in the 20th century include the 1916 Model-T scare, the 1918 Gasless-Sunday scare, the 1920-1923 John-Bull Scare, the 1943-1944 Ickes-Petroleum reserve scare, the 1946-1947 Cold-War scare and the 1947 Winter scare. In the 1970s, the world faced similar scares caused directly by politics in the Middle East. They include the 1973 Arab-embargo oil scare, and the 1979 Iranian-revolution oil scare (Deming (a) 2). The ‘predictions of doom’ on oil production have not had an entirely bad effect in the world. Deming (a) notes that the predictions have led to more innovations and today, men know that they do not only have to rely on conventional oil resources but can as well rely on unconventional resources such as oil shales and tar sands for production of oil. Tar sands The exploitation of tar sands began in Canada in 1967 (Deming (b) 4). Over the years, this unconventional oil resource has proven that quite huge amounts to last the world’s oil needs for the next 1000 years can be produced from the same. Although it was challenging at first usually pushing the cost of production high, the newer technology employed currently has brought the costs down while increasing the amount and rate of produ ction. According to Lomborg, the extraction of oil from tar sands in Canada has helped in pushing the prices of the commodity down from 28 US dollars a barrel in 1978 to 11 US dollars a barrel in 2000 (128). Oil shale Oil shale may be more expensive and difficult to extract, but the entire resource in the United States alone is estimated to provide for the country’s oil needs for a period of 26,667 years (Deming (a) 5).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Is The World Running Out Of Oil? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Citing information from the Energy information Agency in the US, Lomborg states that current estimates show that a combination of shale oil and tar sands can help in the production of 550 billion barrels of oil, with the production cost estimated to be approximately 30 US dollars (128). This would then lead to a 50 percent increase in global oil reserves. Lomborg further reveals that the total size of recoverable shale oil through out the world is unbelievable to most people who hold the opinion that the world will run out of oil (128). In the entire world, it is estimated that there are 242 times more resources in shale oil than contemporary resources, which could last the world 5,000 years or more. Just like Deming (a), Sah makes a distinction between oil reserves and oil resources and states that those who predict that the world is running out of oil do so by judging prevailing world consumption of oil against the available oil as available in the reserves (242). By doing this however, they miss the mark because resources are more wide and probably a lot of oil resources are yet to be discovered. The fact that exploration for oil remains an ongoing process means that no geologist or environmentalist can correctly predict the extent of the resource. According to Sah, â€Å"reserves are petroleum (crude and condensate) recoverable from known reservoirs under p revailing economics and technology† (242). The reserves can be equated to any past reserves plus additions to reserves minus any production from the same reserves. Accordingly, oil reserves can change as new technologies for oil exploitation keep on being discovered. The reserves can also be added through the discovery of new oil fields; discovery of new reservoirs; the extension of reservoirs in existing fields; and redefining reserves using newer oil extraction technologies. Tertzakian is another writer who believes that though the world is no where near running out of oil, it is the world unquenchable thirst for ‘cheap oil’ that places much pressure on explorers (8). According to him, the world is better off agreeing that oil in future will take more to find, to drill and exploit. As such, he says that price spikes and other incentives can be used to encourage oil companies to find and drill even more oil wells. Like Lomborg notes, man becomes better in exploit ing resources once he is pushed by the need to do so (125). As such, the world can expect that newer and more efficient technology will keep on being discovered for the sake of finding better ways of not only exploring oil, but exploiting already existing oil fields. Technology is especially significant in the exploration of oil in fields that had been deemed too complex to drill or where the oil drilling process was deemed too expensive.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis and conclusion As observed in the literature review section and unlike what some environmentalists and geologists would make the world believe, there is no immediate need to worry about running out of oil because as Lomborg puts it, â€Å"judging what is left of the oil resources is akin to looking at someone’s refrigerator and arguing that once the food therein is finished, then they will starve to death† (125). To justify the thesis of this research paper, it is important to observe that the oil resource is not a finite entity because in addition to already discovered oil fields, there may be numerous others lying undetected and it can only take exploration and maybe some newer technology to discover them. Since exploration will only be spurred by the need for extra production beyond what the world already has in the reserves, it will take a reduction in production for explorers to spend the money that usually go into the exploration process. Until explorers declare that no more oil fields are being discovered, it is immature for geologists or any other person to declare that indeed the world is running out of oil. Based on the arguments of the authors analyzed herein, it is clear that even those claiming that the oil resource will soon run out have no solid evidence to base their claims. More to this, is the fact that none of the predictions some made as early as 1850s have never come true is evidence enough that after all, no one has the abilities to foretell when a natural resource like oil cannot be produced anymore. This is because as oil exploration continues, the chances of newer oil discoveries increases. New technology development also gives us the assurance that just as long as innovators continue searching for better ways to explore and exploit oil; the world could very well be able to go back to the oil wells and reserves to exploit more oil using more efficient technology. Annotated Bibliography This section gives a brief overview of the sources used in the essay. It contains seven sources (books and journals) which have addressed the oil resources agenda extensively. In this section I have identified the author(s), his argument and his conclusion. Most of these sources have considered the views of oil doomsters who claim that oil is a finite resource and based on this, I have come with proven evidence that shows otherwise. Bradley, Robert. â€Å"Are we Running Out of Oil?† Property and Environment research Center Reports September (2004): 3-6. This report is written by researcher Robert Bradley in response to a National Geographic published in June 2004 claiming that the world was witnessing an end to low-cost oil. Bradley claims that though environmentalist and geologists have always published alarming reports about the extinction of oil, none of their predictions have come true so far. He gives the example of geologist King Hubert who had predicted that oil production would be at its peak i n the 1970, but would hit a deep decline in 2000. According to Bradley, the geologist’s predictions have already been proven wrong by oil production in recent times, with 2003 recording a 2.5 production than was the case in 2000. Supporting the argument that the world is not indeed running out of oil, Bradley cites the work of different authors chief among them Erich Zimmerman. According to Zimmerman’s work, people should not assume that the oil resource is fixed since the extent of natural resources is not known to man. â€Å"Resources are highly dynamic functional concepts; they are not, they become, they evolve out of triune interaction of nature, man and culture in which nature sets outer limits†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Zimmermann 814-15, cited by Bradley 4). In conclusion, Bradley argues that even the lowest oil production periods in the world were not a result of the scarcity of the resource, but as a result of government interventions that blocked oil production hence di storting the oil market processes. Deming, David (a). â€Å"Are we Running out of Oil?† Policy Backgrounder 159 (January 2003): 1-14. Writing for the National Center for Policy Analysis, Deming starts his article by acknowledging that oil resources are non-renewable. He further observes that for more than 150 years, â€Å"harbingers of doom† who include geologists and environmentalists, have been predicting that the world’s oil resources would run dry sooner or later. He however states facts that contradict the positions posed by the scientists. Key among these facts is the continued production of oil throughout the world especially as the 20th century came to an end. Deming also points out that by adjusting oil prices to inflation, it is clear that the prices for petroleum products, gasoline and other oil related products are lower now than they were 150 years ago. His third fact supporting the analogy that the world is not running out of oil is the fact that t he total oil endowment in the world has witnessed a significant increase. As a result, the discovery of new oil resources is higher than the amount that oil driller can take from the ground. To Deming, the ‘gospel’ about extinction of oil has become a favorite past time among prognostics. He for example observes that the US population had been issued with an oil shortage warning even before the first well was ever drilled in the country back in 1859. The writer observes that nature has always proved people who predict an oil shortage wrong through events like the oil glut that was observed in the world in the 1990s. Deming, David (b). Oil: Are we running out? Second Wallace E. Pratt Memorial Conference â€Å"petroleum provinces of the 21st century. Jan. 2000. Web. Deming has written about oil extensively. He specifically appears incensed by people who keep claiming that the oil resource is finite without clearly understanding their allegations. According to him, oil ju st like other fossil fuels can be categorized as either reserves or resources. He defines reserves as the identified oil resources, which awaits extraction and exploitation. Accordingly, he states that reserves keep on expanding as new technological innovations are made in the world. Resources on the other hand include the oil field which have already been identified and those that are yet to be identified. It is because of the definition that he gives to the former that he takes offence with people who keep predicting a looming oil shortage or extinction based or already identified reserves. Citing research from other writers, Deming has done a good job of proving that crude oil reserves in the United States alone grew at the same pace as the consumption rate from 1915 to 1995. Like other authors who oppose the notion that oil is a finite resource, Deming observes that the 20th century was full of ‘false’ predictions which have been proven wrong the cumulative producti on of oil in the same period. He also observes that even if conventional sources would be depleted, man has proven that he can successfully use unconventional resources such as tar sand to produce oil. The author does not doubt that there could be interruptions in supplies and prices as the world tries to make the transition to unconventional sources of oil, but he does state that the world can be sure that the oil potential in the unconventional sources can support the petroleum needs in the world for up to one thousand years. Lomborg, Bjorn. The Skeptical environmentalist: Measuring the real state of the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print. In the ‘optimists and pessimists arguing’ subsection of his book, Lomborg addresses the question of why people are bombarded with news about running out of oil, while it actually never happens. He notes that it is odd that human kind is using more and more oil, yet available statistics show that there could be even more oil deposits left. The writer offers three reasons why the world is not running of oil and probably will not in the near future. First, he states that oil being a known resource means that it is â€Å"not a finite entity† (125). He explains that the fact that man does not know all oil fields and hence needs to keep exploring for the same means that there is a probability that he will keep finding new fields with new oil. The second reason pointed by this author is that humankind has become better at exploring and exploiting as demand for resources rise. He explains that new technology has been a major contribution to the extraction of already existing oil fields. In addition, technological innovations are playing a major role in tracing new oil fields, and also enabling oil companies to exploit fields that had previously too difficult or expensive to exploit. The third reason cited by Lomborg is man’s ability to substitute. In his explanation, he argues that man is not specifically interested in oil for the sake of it, but his interest lies in the services that oil provides. This means that he can easily substitute to other sources of fuel, energy and heating when oil becomes too expensive. This then means that oil will only be used for services that cannot be easily be substituted. Sah, S. L. Encyclopedia of petroleum Science Engineering. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 2003. Print In pages 86-87 of this book, Sah documents the significance of the discovery of giant oil fields in different parts of the world. Most importantly, he lists the importance that oil explorers attach to new oil wells. First on the list is the fact that the new fields contribute significantly to the world’s oil reserves. More to this, there is an understanding among geologists that the position of â€Å"tectonic setting, geological history and conditions for hydrocarbon formation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (183) contribute significantly to the understanding of oi l origin and supply of the same in future. Second on Sah’s list is the fact that the giant fields are not located in one part of the world. It is however notable two thirds of such well are to be found in the Middle East. Third, Sah notes that even though the frequency of giant wells have decreased over the years, some regions like West Africa and Brazil which were previously unexplored continue to offer new prospects to the world oil market. Sah argues that the equation to present oil reserves is attained by adding past reserves to additions made to reserves and then subtracting the production made from such reserves (246). From this equation, he argues that oil reserves and their capacities are bound to change with time especially because new fields keep on being discovered; reservoirs fields keep on being extended; and changes in extraction technology keep presenting extractors with new ways of getting more oil from existing fields. Tertzakian, Peter. A thousand Barrels a Second: The coming oil break point and the challenges facing an energy dependent world. London: McGraw Hill professional, 2007. Print In the first chapter of his book titled â€Å"lighting the last whale lamp†, Tertzakian states categorically that the world is simply not running out of oil. He however observes that the world may be experiencing the cheap oil that is most preferred due to its low sulfur content. According to the writer, the dependency that people place on the cheap oil has grown tremendously over the years and is also facing pressures from forces from business, policy, geopolitical and environmental quotas, which may eventually lead to the growth and dependency reaching a breaking point. The writer is however quick to state that with radical technologies in oil exploration today, this will eventually lead to the rebalancing of oil production, which will in-turn lead to more growth in dependency on the same. Tertzakian notes that any time in the oil production that the world is faced with uncertainties, radical technologies are developed with contribute significantly to a rebalance in production. He however notes that at some point governments have had to impose aggressive taxes on oil products in order to rebalance demand, but this usually happens for a short-term before a solution to the oil production is found. Although this book chapter deals primarily with the whale oil which was sought after for lighting before the invention of kerosene and later the light bulb, Tertzakian draws similarities in the fact that the pressures that face human kind for energy solutions will always lead to greater inventions, which in turn mean that explorers will only give up exploring for oil when it has been completely proven that oil deposits are no more. This is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future. Maugeri, Leornado. â€Å"Oil: Never Cry Wolf—Why The Petroleum Age Is Far From Over.† Science 204. 5674 (2004):1114-1115. This auth or argues that the Hubert model which oil doomsters are using to herald an end to oil is nothing more that geological faith. Maugeri observes that there are no enough geological facts for the oil doomsters to claim that they can specifically predict when the oil resources will cease from being. Although he specifically acknowledges the view that hydrocarbon reserves are finite, he says that it is contrary to the Hubert model for geologists or environmentalists to claim they know just how finite the oil reserves are. Like other authors analyzed herein, Maugeri draws a distinction between the already identified oil resources and the yet-to-be-discovered resources. He argues that besides the geological knowledge that most of the oil doomsters possess, they need also to acknowledge that technological development and economics of oil have taken over the evolution of oil production. Maugeri concludes by stating that â€Å"geology is not destiny, but rather only a part of a much complex p icture that does not indicate the world is running out of oil† (1115). This research paper on Is The World Running Out Of Oil? was written and submitted by user Rhett A. to help you with your own studies. 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